ABSTRACT
Insecticides play a very important role in increasing production by protecting crops from destructive insect pests. But indiscriminate use of conventional and broad spectrum insecticides, leads to development of resistance, resurgence and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to select new, safe and less persistent products for ecofriendly and sustainable pest management. Benzophenyl urea based insecticides fit well in this aspect. These are basically inhibitors of the chitin synthesis in insects which make them strong candidate for the integrated pest management. Extensive research has been carried out on different aspects to assess the potentiality and environment friendliness of this group of insecticides. Thus, the aim of this review is to gather comprehensive information about benzophenyl urea insecticide related to its development, mode of action, bio-efficacy, environmental fate and eco-toxicity, which may be helpful for the researchers for future endeavour.
ABSTRACT
Context: Campylobacter is an undetected cause of diarrhoea especially under 5 years of age in most of the countries. Isolation of this organism is diffi cult, expensive and cumbersome. Aims: Our objective of this study was to isolate this pathogen from the stool specimens on routinely available blood containing laboratory media using the candle jar for creating the microaerophilic atmosphere in our setup. Settings and Designs: A descriptive study. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 stool samples were inoculated onto selective and non-selective media with and without fi ltration using a 0.45 μm membrane. The inoculated media were simultaneously incubated in microaerophilic conditions using the Anoxomat as well as in candle jars at temperatures 37°C and 42°C. The culture isolates were confi rmed by standard phenotypic tests. A simplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid of Campylobacter was performed on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the culture isolates as well as on the DNA extracted from the stool fi ltrates. Statistical Analysis: Data was expressed as a proportion. Results: Campylobacter could be isolated in 5 out of 50 stool samples using both the Anoxomat as well as the candle jar. Furthermore, we did not fi nd any difference between the isolation using the selective and blood containing media as well as the different incubation temperatures. All the fi ve were confi rmed phenotypically and genotypically to be Campylobacter jejuni. The PCR results corroborated with that of the culture. Conclusions: Isolation by culture was as sensitive as that of the PCR.